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RNA-Seq Analysis in Fruit Science: A Review
Ozhan Simsek,
Dicle Donmez,
Yildiz Aka Kacar
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 3-1, September 2017
Pages:
1-7
Received:
11 February 2017
Accepted:
14 February 2017
Published:
28 February 2017
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajpb.s.2017020301.11
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Abstract: Fruit breeding is an ancient technology with dynamic current techniques and an exciting future. There are a number of restraints to conventional fruit breeding which are especially limiting in tree fruits with their long juvenile period, large plant size, and which are represented by unique, highly-selected heterozygous genotypes. Biotechnology offers to minimize disadvantages of classical breeding techniques. In this sense, fruit breeding refers to the purposeful genetic improvement of fruit crops through various techniques including selection, hybridization, mutation induction, and molecular techniques. Among molecular techniques, sequencing technology have been used for many years and recently a new concept titled “RNA-Seq” have been started to performed to understand molecular mechanisms in fruits. RNA-Seq analysis is an effective tool to understand which genes involved and expressed in different mechanisms and organs/cells of a plant. Recently, many articles have been published using RNA-Seq in fruits. In the present review, we illustrated how to apply different RNA-Seq platforms in fruits with examples.
Abstract: Fruit breeding is an ancient technology with dynamic current techniques and an exciting future. There are a number of restraints to conventional fruit breeding which are especially limiting in tree fruits with their long juvenile period, large plant size, and which are represented by unique, highly-selected heterozygous genotypes. Biotechnology off...
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Genetic Divergence and Association of Traits Among Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Genotypes in Ethiopia Based on Agromorphological Markers
Zekeria Yusuf,
Habtamu Zeleke,
Wassu Mohammed,
Shimelis Hussein,
Arno Hugo
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 3-1, September 2017
Pages:
8-18
Received:
25 January 2017
Accepted:
9 February 2017
Published:
13 March 2017
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajpb.s.2017020301.12
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Abstract: Multivariate analysis was carried out for 16 groundnut genotypes evaluated for 12 agromorphological characters. The crop was sown during2015/16 Ethiopian wet season in four locations in RCBD to study the variability and their interrelationship and divergence pattern based on quantitative traits. The distance matrix was used to study genetic diversity among the genotypes based on principal component analysis, discriminant analysis and clustering methods. Genetic divergence of groundnut genotypes through distance matrix based on Euclidean distance (D) revealed that there was small range of genetic diversity. The Eigen vectors for the first three component loading has shown that the first principal component had high positive component loading from NBP, AGBP, NMP, PWP, SWP as well as GY characters and found to associate with NC 343, Baha jidu, Lote, Manipeter, Roba, Werer 962, Tole1, Tole2 and Oldhale genotypes with high positive PCA1 scores based on Euclidean distance matrix(D). In contrast, PCA2 had high positive component loading from 100SW, PWP as well as GY characters, the associated genotypes are Baha gudo, Fetene, Manipeter, Werer 962 and Werer 961. GY has shown positive loading in all the first three components but the highest positive in component 2 indicating the highest grain yielding genotypes are those that are most positive in second component. The highest positive loading characters in the third component are NSP, SHP, SWP, NMP as well as GY; the associated genotypes were Fetene and Werer 961.On the other hand, high negative PC1 loading was obtained for SHP, HI and NSPOD. High negative loading characters especially in PC1 shows inverse relationship and/or divergence to the rest variables therefore such characters are not mainly recommended for breeding since they have usually low heritability. The dendrogram for Euclidean distance based on genotypic correlation has shown that traits in cluster 2 including PWP, SWP and 100SW were shown positive and nonsignificant correlation with GY. The most similar trait was NBP and AGBP, while NSPOD was the most divergent trait and found to be negatively correlated with GY. Thus, such divergent and negatively correlated trait with yield has no significance in selection so it can be dropped. Those characters in cluster 1 including NBP, AGBP, NMP and NSP were positive but nonsignificantly correlated at genotypic level with GY.
Abstract: Multivariate analysis was carried out for 16 groundnut genotypes evaluated for 12 agromorphological characters. The crop was sown during2015/16 Ethiopian wet season in four locations in RCBD to study the variability and their interrelationship and divergence pattern based on quantitative traits. The distance matrix was used to study genetic diversi...
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An Overview of In Vitro Haploid Plant Production in Citrus
Mehmet Akgol,
Ozhan Simsek,
Dicle Donmez,
Yildiz Aka Kacar
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 3-1, September 2017
Pages:
19-23
Received:
24 February 2017
Accepted:
25 February 2017
Published:
20 March 2017
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajpb.s.2017020301.13
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Abstract: The main objectives of Citrus breeding are to have new varieties with a shorter juvenile non-fruiting period, an increased yield, a longer ripening season, regular fruit bearing, seedlessness and improved external and internal quality of the fruits. To make available new scions and rootstocks selected for resistance or tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses is another important aim in Citrus improvement. Citrus breeding is based either on conventional methods (hybridization, selection, mutation) or biotechnological methods employing in vitro tissue culture, regeneration from protoplasts, somatic hybridization, in vitro mutant selection, genetic transformation and haploid production. An integrated approach between innovative and conventional tools is fundamental to obtaining large improvements in a short time. Haploid plants have some advantages for the plant breeding because of their one set of chromosomes, identified recessive mutations and reducing the breeding time. There are several methods to produce haploid plants such as androgenesis and gynogenesis. The pollen and microsphore cultures are used for androgenesis. The ovule and ovary culture are used for the gynogenesis. In this review we describe the principals of the haploid plant cultures and we illustrated some haploid studies in citrus.
Abstract: The main objectives of Citrus breeding are to have new varieties with a shorter juvenile non-fruiting period, an increased yield, a longer ripening season, regular fruit bearing, seedlessness and improved external and internal quality of the fruits. To make available new scions and rootstocks selected for resistance or tolerance to biotic and abiot...
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Micropropagation of Erodium olympicum Endemic to Turkey
Basar Sevindik,
Mehmet Tutuncu,
Tolga Izgu,
Ehsan Mohammed Tagipur,
Pembe Curuk,
Ozer Yilmaz,
Gonul Kaynak,
Yesim Yalcin Mendi
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 3-1, September 2017
Pages:
24-27
Received:
7 March 2017
Accepted:
8 March 2017
Published:
23 March 2017
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajpb.s.2017020301.14
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Abstract: Erodium genus belonging to Geraniaceae has fifty species that are distributed over Balkan Peninsula, Mediterranean, Middle East, Central Europe and Central Asia and most of them are herbaceous annual plants. Members of the genus naturally grow in sandy soil with good drainage, foothills, pebbled places, and desert and semi desert areas. It is reported that the genus has more than two-hundred antimicrobial effective compounds and some species belong to the genus has been used in ethnomedicine since very ancient time. At present study, the effects of different plant growth regulators (PGR) on micropropagation of Erodium olympicum endemic to Turkey were investigated. Therefore, Murashige and Skoog (MS) media supplemented with different BA (0.1, 0.5, 1.0 mg L-1) and GA3 (0.1, 0.2 mg L-1) concentrations and combination were used. Plant materials were collected from Uludağ Mountains in Turkey and surface sterilization was performed applying tap water for 30 min, EtOH 70% for 2 min, rinsing with distilled water for 3-4 times, NaOCl 20% for 20 min, rinsing with distilled water for 3-4 times, respectively. The highest shoot formation (58%) was obtained from MS medium with 0.5 mg L-1 BA + 0.2 mg L-1 GA3. The best rooting was determined on MS medium containing 0,5mg L-1 IBA as 25%.
Abstract: Erodium genus belonging to Geraniaceae has fifty species that are distributed over Balkan Peninsula, Mediterranean, Middle East, Central Europe and Central Asia and most of them are herbaceous annual plants. Members of the genus naturally grow in sandy soil with good drainage, foothills, pebbled places, and desert and semi desert areas. It is repor...
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Interactions of Pesticides with Environment and Environmentally Friendly Approaches against Agricultural Pests
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 3-1, September 2017
Pages:
28-31
Received:
8 March 2017
Accepted:
26 April 2017
Published:
9 June 2017
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajpb.s.2017020301.15
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Abstract: In this review study, the relationship and effects of pesticides with human and environment have been examined. In addition to the rapidly growing population and urbanization, developing plant biotechnology for the production of agricultural products to meet the needs and an indispensable part of modern agriculture have become pesticides. Pesticides are being used extensively in the world in order to eliminate harmful substances in agricultural areas and to obtain quality products. As a result of unconscious pesticide use, human, air, water, soil and wild life are affected adversely, resistance is formed in target living beings, natural balance and natural balance are seen to be deteriorated by killing natural life and beneficial beings. Despite all the adversities brought by the pesticides, the use of different methods to combat the pests, the consciousness of the public on this issue and the increasing use of biopesticides which are very important are showing promising developments. It is also a very important development to see biopesticides begin to take up chemical pesticides in developed countries, especially in developing countries.
Abstract: In this review study, the relationship and effects of pesticides with human and environment have been examined. In addition to the rapidly growing population and urbanization, developing plant biotechnology for the production of agricultural products to meet the needs and an indispensable part of modern agriculture have become pesticides. Pesticide...
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In Vitro Culture of Turkish Origanum sipyleum L.
Başar Sevindik,
Tolga İzgü,
Özhan Şimşek,
Mehmet Tütüncü,
Pembe Çürük,
Özer Yılmaz,
Gönül Kaynak,
Yıldız Aka Kaçar,
Jaime A. Teixeira da Silva,
Yeşim Yalçın Mendi
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 3-1, September 2017
Pages:
32-36
Received:
20 April 2017
Accepted:
21 April 2017
Published:
17 July 2017
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajpb.s.2017020301.16
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Abstract: Origanum sipyleum L. is a species that is endemic to Turkey with known medicinal and aromatic properties and with a long historical use in Turkish folk medicine. Micropropagation serves as one possible method to clone and protect O. sipyleum. In this study, nodes, which served as the explants, were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium supplemented with different concentrations of BA (0.1, 0.5, 1.0 mgL-1) and GA3 (0.1, 0.2 mgL-1). Shoots were transferred to MS medium containing different concentrations of IBA (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3 mgL-1) for root induction. Shoot regeneration, rooting, survival and acclimatization were possible. As many as 85% of nodes formed an average of 6 shoots/node on MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mgL-1 BA and 0.2 mgL-1 GA3. Rooting was most successful in 62.5% of shoots on MS medium with 1.5 or 2.5 mgL-1 IBA. Plantlets derived from all IBA combinations were transferred to autoclaved peat and perlite (1:1, v/v) and acclimatized in a greenhouse, with 79.1% survival. This protocol represents the first comprehensive in vitro regeneration protocol for endemic (Turkish) O. sipyleum.
Abstract: Origanum sipyleum L. is a species that is endemic to Turkey with known medicinal and aromatic properties and with a long historical use in Turkish folk medicine. Micropropagation serves as one possible method to clone and protect O. sipyleum. In this study, nodes, which served as the explants, were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium ...
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Effects of GA3 Treatments on Ion Accumulation in Leaves of Pepper Plants Under Salt Stress
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 3-1, September 2017
Pages:
37-40
Received:
21 July 2017
Accepted:
4 August 2017
Published:
31 August 2017
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajpb.s.2017020301.17
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Abstract: Experiments were conducted with Demre long pepper cultivar in a climate chamber with controlled climate parameters and in a hydroponic system with Hoagland nutrient solution. Three-week old seedlings were subjected to 100 mM NaCl treatments and samples were taken on 10th day of the treatments for physiological and biochemical analyses. With the idea that gibberellic acid reduces negative impacts of salt on plants and regulates ion uptake, thus provide an ion balance, plants were also subjected to Gibberellic acid (GA3) treatments at different doses (5ppm, 7.5ppm and 10ppm). Then, leaf samples were taken again on 10th day of treatments and Na, K, Ca and Cl analyses were performed on samples. Present findings revealed that GA3 treatments together with NaCl treatments recessed plant growth and development, but provided significant contributions in regulation of ion uptakes and providing an ion balance. The best GA3 doses for plant growth and ion balance were identified as 7.5 and 10 ppm.
Abstract: Experiments were conducted with Demre long pepper cultivar in a climate chamber with controlled climate parameters and in a hydroponic system with Hoagland nutrient solution. Three-week old seedlings were subjected to 100 mM NaCl treatments and samples were taken on 10th day of the treatments for physiological and biochemical analyses. With the ide...
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